Bài giảng Green Energy Course Syllabus - Chapter 2: The electric power industry - Nguyễn Hữu Phúc

 severe environmental issue
• There is an increasing energy demand
• There is an old-fashioned energy infrastructure
• There is an unstable primary energy market
• There is a mid to long term shortage of primary energy
Possible solutions comprise (combinations of):
 Increase over-all efficiency energy supply
 Reduction of energy consumption
 Increase share renewables
 Radically improve grid architecture
 Cost reduction 
 Global transmission&distribution losses account for 11,6% of the total 
power supply. This equals:
 the total electricity consumption of Germany+France+Spain+UK
or
 the total energy consumption of the global transportation sector
 T&D costs are 30% of the kWh price
 T&D congestion results in power failure (USA, Italy 2003)
 Central power plants do not use the generated heat and thus waste about 
70% of fuel energy
 Central power plants are vulnerable to forces of nature and terrorist 
attacks
 93% of the world’s power production is centrally produced (NL 60%) 
 Traditional power infrastructure is expensive
 Up to 50% CO2 reduction using DG
Next generation power production:
decentralized generation including renewables and CHP 
Traditional Infrastructure Facts:
DG Economics I:
Assets fully utilized a few hours per year
DG Economics II:
Liberalization of the electricity market and increased “greenness” of 
the electricity generation affect the power quality and security of 
supply. 
balance
time
surplus
shortage
The Issue with Renewables:
Reliability and Distributed Generation
ADL White Paper, 2000
Financial aspect grid failure:
Industry Average Cost Downtime
Cellular Communications $ 41,000/hour
Telephone Ticket Sales $ 72,000/hour
Airline Reservations $ 90,000/hour
Credit Card Operations $ 2,580,000/hour
Brokerage Operations $ 6,480,000/hour
production storage use
Unpredictable:
PV
Wind
Wave
Predictable:
Tidal
Biomass
Clean Fossil
Hydrogen production 
using electrolysis or 
reforming
Storage:
Compression
Liquefaction
Metalhydrides
Carbons
Electrochemical 
Battery
Supercaps
Regenerative fuel 
cell
Marine Current Turbines Ltd.
Windside Ltd.
Ocean Power Delivery Ltd.
Hydrogen conversion:
Fuel cell
Gas turbine
ICE
Discontinuity renewables:
Sustainable hydrogen:
Non-sustainable hydrogen can be made using:
 nuclear energy
 reforming fossil fuels
 electrolysis using “grey electricity”
Virtual Power Plant
Renewable Energy World, Dec 2002
Virtual Power Plant
 The Virtual Power Plant is technology neutral and can be used with all 
types of generation and storage assets
 Used in a variety of applications: distributed generation, village power, 
cogeneration, peak shaving, base-load, and more
 Fast response to consumption fluctuations in comparison with central 
power plant
 Integration decentralized power production
 Optimal locations can be selected
 Facilitating for hydrogen-based technologies
 Efficiency increase using “Cascading”
DG infrastructure
Sustainable Island I:
MCT
VAWT
PV
natural 
gas
biomass
solar-therm
storage
gas turbine
district 
heating
grid
fly wheel
hydrogen
µ-CHP
sustainable 
transport
Sustainable Island II:
Production renewable sourcesIncl ding short-term buffering 
Predictable biomass
VPP + conventional
i lI l i long-ter buf e ing
Combination of (un)predictable sources, storage and 
conventional power units/VPP
Electrical infrastructure becomes digital!
 Reliable, “Self healing” grid
 Efficient, affordable, sustainable and flexible
Conclusion:
Contact
SKILL CENTER SUSTAINABILITY & HYDROGEN
Michiel Jak
Skill Center Sustainability & Hydrogen
Altran Technologies Netherlands BV
De Fruittuinen 30
2132 NZ Hoofddorp
+31-23-5694090 (tel)
JAK@altran-tech.nl
Smart Power Technologies and 
Global Electrification
19th World Energy Congress
Sydney, Australia
September 8, 2004
Stephen Gehl
Director, Strategic Technology
EPRI
Phone: (650) 855-2770
E-mail: sgehl@epri.com
Technology Solutions that Transform Society
The vast networks of electrification 
are the greatest engineering 
achievement of the 20th century
– U.S. National Academy of Engineering
“No Power is as Costly as No Power”
- Homi Bhabha
Electricity Technology Roadmap
Sustainable 
Energy Future
Energy Industry Needs Today
Intermediate 
Products & 
Services
Roadmap Transformative Characteristics
• Smart Power – design, development, and deployment of 
the intelligent power system of the future
• Clean Power – accelerated development of a portfolio of 
clean energy technologies to address climate change
• Power for All – development of policies and tools to ensure 
universal global electrification by 2050
Smart Power
Tomorrow’s Intelligent Electric Infrastructure
Consumer Portal
Breakthrough Energy Conversion & Environmental Sustainability
POWER PLANT
FACTORIES
RESIDENTIAL
TRANSMISSION 
GRID
STEP DOWN 
TRANSFORMER
DISTRIBUTION 
SUB STATIONS
DER
ENERGY 
STORAGE
MICRO GRID
DISTRIBUTED 
GENERATION
COMMUNICATION 
LINKS
SENSORS
COMMERCIALHYDROGEN 
INFRASTRUCTURE
Hydrogen energy delivery 
systems
Bulk energy transfer 
technologies to high 
demand consumers
Hydrogen Energy - Fuel 
Cells etc.
Nuclear Energy Options 
& Technologies
Clean Fossil 
Technologies
Source: Tenagra Nasional Berhad
Super Grid of the Future Integrates 
Superconducting Transmission with H2
Energy Carrier
Supermarket
School
Home
Family Car
DNA-to-order.com
Nuclear
plant
H2
H2
MgB2
Petroleum Reduction
Energy Intensity As a Function of Degree of 
Economic Development and Electrification
Potential Applications of Nanotechnology to 
Electricity/Energy
• High strength, light weight transmission wires 
• Nano-catalysts for processes - conversion of 
hydrocarbons to syngas
• White light emitting LEDs
• Photochromic material for ‘smart’ windows
• Thermoelectric materials for converting thermal gradient 
to electricity
• Solid-oxide fuel cell electrodes and electrolyte 
• Materials for ultracapacitors
• “Smart” sensors
Quantum Dot Solar Cell Array: 
Conversion Efficiency > 70%
Quantum dots
Insulating medium
p n
Chalcopyrite ternary semiconductors
Cu (Gad or In) (S or Se)2
Clean Power
(An illustrative example of global carbon emissions)
Bi
llio
n 
to
ns
 o
f c
ar
bo
n 
pe
r y
ea
r
Clean Power: 
Technologies that Fill Climate Change Gaps
Technologies that make sense anyway:
• End-use efficiency
• Plant improvement
• Nuclear
• Renewables
• Biomass
Technologies for a carbon-constrained world:
• Capture and disposal
• Tree planting and soil carbon enhancement
Technology breakthroughs
• Zero Emission Power Plants (ZEPPs)
• Low-temperature water splitting
• CO2 capture under ambient conditions
Power For All
Annual 
GDP/capita
Annual 
kWh/capita
International Collaboration
Global R&D, global investment,
global peace, global technologies
Amenities
Education, recreation, the environment,
intergenerational investment
Basic Quality of Life
Literacy, life expectancy, sanitation, infant
mortality, physical security, social security
Survival
Food, water, shelter, minimal
health services
Source: Chauncey Starr
104 104
103 103
102 102
Distinctions Among Four Social Conditions
1100
10
1,000
10,000
100,000
500,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 500,000
Cost Projections vs. Size over Time
$/
kW
Size in kW
Nominal 
Time Span
2000 --
2010Photovoltai
cs
PEM Fuel 
Cell 
Solid 
Oxide Fuel 
Cell (b)
Microturbine
s
IC 
Engine
s
Aero-
CT
Industrial 
Gas 
Turbines
Solid 
Oxide Fuel 
Cell (a)
Combine
d Cycle
Pulverize
d Coal
DG Technology Evolution
IGCC Technology Issues
Oxygen Membrane
H2/CO2 Separation
Gasification
Fuel Gas
Gas Cleaning
Durability of the Membrane
Integration with Overall Process
Oxygen
Coal
CO2
Hydrogen
Cost-Effective Multi-
Contaminant Control to
Ultra-Clean Specifications
Moderate Temperature
Hg Removal at Elevated 
Temperatures
Integrated Specifications 
with Downstream
Process Requirements
Integration with NOx 
Reduction Processes
Injector Reliability
Single Train Availability
Durability of Refractory Material
Durability and Accuracy of
Monitoring Devices
Alternative Feedstocks
Feed System Reliability
Heat Removal
Temperature Measurement & Control
Durability of Membranes
Low Flux 
Contaminant Sensitivity
Heat Removal
Low-rank Coal
Source: USDOE
Nuclear Power Revival
Public support will be conditioned on:
• Emission reduction requirements
• Competitive cost structure
• Inherent safety
• High efficiency and high fuel utilization
Candidate Breakthrough Technology:
Pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR)
Renewables Breakthrough Challenges
Technologies that change the business proposition
• 25% efficiency for PV (copper indium diselenide) at 30 
to 50$/m2
• Quantum dots for high-efficiency PV power
• Biomass -- low-cost, dedicated gasification facilities
• Wind -- low-cost diurnal (or longer) storage
• Wind -- siting issues
• Integration of distributed renewable power with 
industrial and agricultural applications
What 10,000 GW of Global Generating 
Capacity Means
• Tripling current world power plant capacity
• Adding 200,000 MW/yr
• Investing >200 billion USD per year
It’s equivalent to:
• < 5 years of current world automobile engine production
• Less than 0.3% of world GDP
• Less than the world spends on cigarettes, etc.
It can and must be done!
Conclusion: Electricity is Necessary, but not 
Sufficient for Human Development
• Four Linked Global Needs
– Protection and restoration of Earth’s life support systems
– Managing processes crucial to human welfare
– Elimination of human poverty
– Stabilizing global population
• Integration of digital quality electricity with the 
knowledge-based industries of the future
• Creating a new mega infrastructure to meet those needs