Bài giảng Green Energy Course Syllabus - Chapter 8: Tutorial on MicroGrids - Nguyễn Hữu Phúc

connection situations. 
DR Aggregator 
DR Operator 
Distr. Sys. Operator 
Point of DR 
Connection 
Point of Common 
Coupling (PCC) 
DR 
 DR Unit DR 
DR Maintainer 
Point of Load 
Connection 
Building 
 DR Unit 
Unit 
Controller Load 
EMS 
Matter of Packaging 
Legend 
 Interconnection Info Path (in scope) 
Local Info Path (out of scope) 
 Electric Path (out of scope) 
Local EPS 
29 
P1547.4 Draft 
 -- Work Group Inaugural Meeting Aug 5-6, 2004 -- 
 Background: Operating Concepts for the 
 Distribution System 
 • Radial Distribution System: The most common 
type of connection between utility and load. Power 
only flows from utility to load. 
 • Microgrid or Intentional Island: Aggregation of 
loads and sources capable of operating either in 
parallel with or to end users. Depending on 
 configuration, power flows only within microgrid or 
can export power to utility. 
 Independent from a larger electric grid, while 
providing continuous power. 
 • Networked Distribution System w/ 2-way power 
flow: Distribution in which the secondaries of the 
distribution transformers are connected in a grid, 
typically energized at the customers’ utilization 
voltage, to serve multiple loads. 
Util Load 
Gen 
Util Load 
Gen 
Util Load 
30 
UL 1741 Standard 
 • NREL has a contract with UL to update 1741 to include all DR 
interconnections. 
 • Goes beyond 1547 Requirements to include product safety 
aspects 
 • Construction, Materials, wiring, component spacing, etc. 
 • Protection against risks of injury to persons 
 • Output Characteristics and utility compatibility 
(This section includes requirements from IEEE 1547) 
 • Rating, Marking 
 • Specific DR Tests for various technologies 
(PV, Wind, Microturbine, Fuel Cell, Engine) 
31 
How do these standards work together ? 
 NREL Interconnection Pre-Certification Approach 
IEEE 1547 
 Interconnection 
 System Requirements 
•Voltage Regulation 
 •Grounding 
 •Disconnects 
 •Monitoring 
 •Islanding 
 • etc. 
IEEE 1547.1 
 Interconnection System 
Testing 
•O/U Voltage 
 •and Frequency 
 •Synchronization 
 •EMI 
 •Surge Withstand 
 •DC injection 
 •Harmonics 
 •Islanding 
 •Reconnection 
UL 1741 
 Interconnection 
Equipment 
•Construction 
 •Protection against 
risks of injury to 
persons 
 •Rating, Marking 
 •Specific DR Tests for 
various technologies 
NREL Model 1547 Pre-certification and Certification Program for 
 DG Interconnection Systems* 
DRAFT Design for Utility, State, etc.Certification Interconnection Program 
STEP 1 
Interconnection Systems 
are pre-certified using the 
 type tests in IEEE 1547.1 by 
a NRTL. 
STEP 2 
The local distribution utility 
reviews the 
 interconnection system for 
compatibility to the Area 
EPS per IEEE 1547 
STEP 3 
STEP 4 
These will be based on a 
review of the current utiltiy 
Interconnection System Pre-Certified 
 to IEEE 1547 
 Temperature Stability 
 Response to Abnormal Voltage 
Response to Abnormal Frequency 
Synchronization 
 Protection from EMI 
Surge Withstand 
 Paralleling Device 
DC Injection 
 Unintentional Islanding 
Reverse Power 
 Cease to Energize/Loss of Phase 
Reconnect after disturbance 
 Harmonics 
Interconnection System Meets 
 IEEE 1547 Requirements 
Voltage Regulation 
 Integration with Area EPS grounding 
 Monitoring Provisions 
 Isolation Device 
 Recloser Coordination 
Flicker 
Interconnection System Installation 
Installation per NEC or local codes 
Commissioning Test per IEEE 1547 
Additional Utility Operator Requirements 
 Monitoring Provisions 
Metering Requirements 
 Additional Requirements 
Responsible Organization 
Nationally Recognized 
Test Lab (NRTL) 
 (e.g. UL, CSA) 
Local Distribution Utility 
Local Electrical Inspector 
System Installer 
Approval Authority 
• A pilot 
 implementation plan 
should be developed 
to test the approval 
process with NREL 
providing technical 
expertise and testing 
support on a case by 
case basis (WFO) , 
developing test 
 methods and 
standards, and 
 conducting round- 
robin testing to verify 
every testing entity is 
conducting the tests 
 as prescribed in 1547 
and 1547.1. 
* Interconnection System - the 
collection of all interconnection 
 equipment and functions, taken as a 
group, used to interconnect a DR 
 unit(s) to an Area EPS. (as defined in 
IEEE 1547) 
Prepared By: 
 R. DeBlasio 
interconnection requirements 
and all the utilities in it area 
Utility/State/etc. Interconnection System Approved T.Basso 
 B. Kroposki 
2-20-2004 
Draft Implementation: e.g., PJM Small Generator 
 (2MW and less) Interconnection Standard 
 Summary Overview (work in progress) 
1547 based Test Requirements 
 ƒ Design Test (may be pre-certified) 
ƒ Production Test 
 ƒInstallation Evaluation 
 ƒCommissioning Test 
 ƒPeriodic Testing (per PJM 
tariff requirements) 
1547 based Technical 
Requirements 
Other Requirements 
 ƒe.g. PJM / EPS metering 
ƒe.g. National / local codes 
34 
PJM Business Territory 
1547: Interconnection Is The Focus 
Area 
 Distributed 
 Resource 
 (DR) 
 unit 
Interconnection 
 System 
Electric 
 Power 
 System 
 (EPS) 
36 
IEEE Std 1547 Contents 
 INTRODUCTION 
1.0 OVERVIEW 
 2.0 REFERENCES 
3.0 DEFINITIONS 
4.0 INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL 
 SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 
5.0 
INTERCONNECTION TEST SPECIFICATIONS 
 AND REQUIREMENTS 
Annex A : Bibliography 
 37 
IEEE 1547 Table of Contents 
INTRODUCTION 
1.0 OVERVIEW 
 1.1 Scope 
 1.2 Purpose - Uniform standard 
 requirements 
 1.3 Limitations - 10 MVA or less 
 2.0 REFERENCES 
3.0 DEFINITIONS 
38 
A Technical Standard - Functional 
 Requirements For 
 • the interconnection itself 
 • the interconnection test 
IEEE 1547 
 IS: 
IEEE 1547 
 Is NOT: 
Technology neutral, e.g., does not 
 specify particular equipment nor type 
 A single (whole) document of 
mandatory, uniform, universal, 
requirements. 
 Should be sufficient for most 
installations. 
 • a design handbook 
 • an application guide 
 • an interconnection agreement 
 • prescriptive, e.g., does not 
address DR self-protection, nor 
planning, designing, operating, 
or maintaining the Area EPS. 
DR Interconnection 
4 
IEEE 1547 Definitions 
 • 
Distributed generator (DG) -electric generation facilities connected to an 
 Area EPS through a PCC; a subset of DR. 
 • 
Distributed resources (DR) - sources of electric power that are not directly 
 connected to a bulk power transmission system. DR includes both 
 generator and energy storage technologies. 
 • 
Electric power system (EPS) - facilities that deliver power to a load. 
 • 
Area EPS - an EPS that serves local EPSs. 
 • 
Local EPS - an EPS entirely within a single premises or a group of 
 premises. 
 • 
Interconnection - the result of the process of adding a DR unit to an area 
 EPS 
 • 
Interconnection equipment - individual or multiple devices used in an 
 interconnection system 
 • Interconnection system - the collection of all interconnection equipment, 
 taken as a group, used to interconnect a DR unit(s) to an area EPS 
 • Point of common coupling (PCC) - the point where a local EPS is 
 connected to the Area EPS. 
 • Point of DR connection - the point where a DR unit is electrically 
 41 connected in an EPS. 
1547 Interconnection Terms 
 Area Electric Power System (EPS) 
PCC 
Load 
Point of Common 
 Coupling (PCC) 
Point of DR 
 Connection Point of DR 
 Connection 
DR unit DR unit 
PCC 
Load 
Local EPS 1 
Local EPS 2 
Local EPS 3 
Note: There can be any number of Local EPSs. 
42 
4.0 INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL 
 SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 
4.1 General Requirements 
Voltage Regulation 
 Integration with Area 
 EPS Grounding 
Synchronization 
 DR on Secondary Grid 
 and Spot Networks 
Inadvertent Energizing 
 of the Area EPS 
 Monitoring Provisions 
Isolation Device 
 Interconnect Integrity 
43 
4.0 Interconnection Technical Specifications and Requirements (cont’d) 
4.2 Response to Area EPS Abnormal 
 Conditions 
 • Area EPS Faults 
 • AREA EPS Reclosing 
 Coordination 
 • Voltage 
- Frequency 
 - Loss of 
 Synchronism 
 - Reconnection to Area 
 EPS 
44 
4.0 Interconnection Technical Specifications and Requirements (end) 
4.3 Power Quality 
 • Limitation of DC Injection 
 • Limitation of Voltage Flicker 
Induced by the DR 
 • Harmonics 
4.4 Islanding 
 - Unintentional Islanding 
 - Intentional Islanding 
45 
5.0 INTERCONNECTION TEST 
 SPECIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 
5.1 Design Test 
 • Abnormal voltage 
 and frequency 
 • Synchronization 
 • Interconnection 
 integrity 
Unintentional 
 islanding 
 Limitation of DC 
 injection 
 Harmonics 
46 
5.0 INTERCONNECTION TEST SPECS AND REQS (cont’d) 
5.2 Production Tests 
 - Meet requirements of: 
 • response to abnormal voltage and 
 frequency 
 • synchronization 
 • may be performed at the factory or at 
time of commissioning 
5.3 Interconnection Installation Evaluation 
 • Grounding Integration with area EPS 
 • Isolation Device 
 • Monitoring provisions 
 • Area EPS faults 
 • Area EPS reclosing coordination 
5.0 INTERCONNECTION TEST SPECS AND REQS 
(end) 
5.4 Commissioning Tests 
 • Visual Inspection 
 • Operability test on the isolation device 
 • Unintentional islanding functionality test 
 • Cease to energize functionality test 
5.5 Periodic Interconnection Tests 
 • All interconnection-related protective 
functions and associated batteries 
Annex A. Bibliography 
48 
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